新冠疫情已三年,你在费城还好吗?—— 大费城华人社群有关新冠疫苗调查问卷的分析

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新冠疫苗的接种

作者:李蓓

English Editor: Eric Rosenfeld

 

一转眼,新冠病毒成为我们生活中的一部分,已经三年的时间。截止到11月18日,根据不完全统计,全球共累计有新冠确诊病例超过6亿3千6百万例,死亡人数超过660万。在美国,累计确诊病例已经超过9800万,死亡人数高达107万+。这些触目惊心的数字的背后,是多少生离死别,家破人亡,是多少新冠后遗症带来的病痛和挣扎?

In what seems like the blink of an eye, it has been three years since the COVID-19 became a part of our daily lives. As of November 18, 2022, according to widely accepted statistics, there have been more than 636 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the world, and more than 6.6 million deaths. In the United States, the cumulative number of confirmed cases has exceeded 98 million, and the death toll has exceeded one million. Behind these shocking numbers, how many lives have been shattered, how many families have been destroyed, and how many other tragedies have been caused by the virus?

三年之后,虽然很多人的生活逐渐回到正常的轨道,但是病毒还在我们身边,伺机向我们发出攻击。世卫组织(WHO)10月19日表示,新冠肺炎疫情仍是全球公共卫生紧急事件。病毒持续变异为疫情发展走势带来很大不确定性,新冠肺炎大流行还没有结束。

Although most people’s lives have gradually returned to normal, the virus is still around us, waiting for an opportunity to attack us. The World Health Organization (WHO) stated on October 19, 2022, that the COVID-19 pandemic is still a global public health emergency. The continuous mutation of the virus has brought great uncertainty to the course of the pandemic, and it is not over yet. It may never end, instead continuing to evolve.

面对新一波疫情,我们应该“躺平”,还是应该继续接种加强针,做好个人防护?作为费城最大的亚裔新闻媒体,海华都市报在其网络平台的微信公众号“费城生活攻略”上,连续三周面向华人社群推出有关接种新冠疫苗的问卷调查,希望通过读者积极的参与,对费城华人社区对新冠疫苗的态度和实践有了一定程度的了解;并对下一步的新冠防疫政策的制定,提供一些宝贵的数据和经验。

When facing an inevitable new wave of the pandemic, should we ignore it or should we continue to receive booster shots and take personal protective measures? As the largest Asian-American news media in Philadelphia, Metro Chinese Weekly launched a survey on vaccination status in the Chinese community on its WeChat public platform “PhillyGuide,” hoping to gain more understanding about the attitude and practice of the Chinese community towards the vaccine. We wanted to be able to provide valuable data and context for the next phase of pandemic practices.

本次问卷采取匿名的方式进行,每一个微信实名注册用户对每一个问题只能参与单次参与投票,问卷以科学有序的方式和对投票者隐私的充分保护,确保了问卷所获取数据的真实性。

This survey was conducted anonymously. Each WeChat registered user could only cast a single vote for each question, thus ensuring the integrity of the data obtained.

参与调查问卷的人次总计为1044人次。其中,男性425人次,占投票总数的40.7%,女性629人次,占投票总数的59.3%。从年龄段来说,31-50岁的人群,占52.2%的比例,为最主要的参与群体,另外,51岁以上的人群占总投票数的17%,30岁以下人群30.8%。

A total of 1044 people participated in the survey. 425 were men, accounting for 40.7% of the total votes; 629 were women, accounting for 59.3%. People aged 31-50 accounted for 52.2% and were the main participating group. In addition, people over 51 accounted for 17% of the total votes, and people under 30 accounted for 30.8%.

调查问卷一共有13道问题,主要涉及到新冠疫苗的接种,个人防护措施的实践及对新冠疫情的看法。其中涉及到新冠疫苗接种的问题10道,涉及到对新冠疫情看法及个人防护措施实践的问题有3道。

The survey had a total of 13 questions, mainly related to vaccination status and attitudes, as well as personal protective measures and overall views on the pandemic.

图片来源:路透社
Photo credits to Reuters

 

 

一. 对新冠疫苗的了解 

 Understanding of the COVID-19 vaccine

 

问卷的问题第一大类涉及到对新冠疫苗的了解。问卷结果显示,43%的受访者有通过网络平台了解新冠疫苗的相关信息;35%从传统媒体(广播,电视,报纸杂志)获取相关的信息;14%的受访者是通过医疗机构宣传了解新冠疫苗。由此看来,网络传播是华人群体获得新冠疫苗的首选途径。这也提示有关部门,在投放新冠宣传和实用信息时,要重视网络媒体包括自媒体信息传播的重要性。

The first category of questions in the survey related to the understanding of the COVID-19 vaccine. The results of the survey show that 43% of the respondents have obtained information about the vaccine through the Internet; 35%, through traditional media (radio, TV, newspapers and magazines); and 14%, through direct medical advice.Online dissemination is clearly the preferred way for the Chinese community to obtain information about the  COVID-19 vaccine. This reminds public health authorities to pay attention to the importance of online media.

在对疫苗的了解程度上,受访的华人群体表现得非常理性和克制。在问及对新冠疫苗的了解程度时,59%的人选择部分了解;34%的人选择完全了解;只有5%的人选择不了解。这一结果反映了华人群体对了解新冠疫苗的积极态度,同时对于这种“新鲜事物”的未知领域也心知肚明。

Regarding vaccine understanding, the Chinese community was relatively informed. 59% of respondents were partly informed; 34% were fully informed; only 5% were uninformed. These  findings reflect the Chinese community’s positive attitude toward vaccine awareness.

新冠疫苗的安全性和有效性,是大家是否接种疫苗的重要考量因素。在面对疫苗安全性的问题时,有48%的人认为新冠疫苗安全;另有45%的人持中立态度;只有5%的受访者认为疫苗不安全。这一结果和已接种新冠疫苗人群的自身体验息息相关。从2021年3月,新冠疫苗大面积投入使用到现在,已经过去一年半的时间,很多人在完全接种疫苗之后,也追加了一针或者两针的加强针。

Safety and effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine are important considerations for everyone when contemplating vaccination. 48% of respondents believe that the vaccine is safe; another 45% are neutral; only 5% of respondents think the vaccine is unsafe. This result of the survey correlates with the experience of people who have been vaccinated against the COVID-19 vaccine. It has been almost two years since the first  vaccine was implemented at the end of 2020. Many people have also received multiple booster shots after being fully vaccinated.

除了在2021年下半年,强生疫苗导致血栓的新闻导致了一阵恐慌之外,美国境内被批准接种的新冠疫苗一直保持着较稳定的安全性。保持中立态度的人群是从长远考虑:毕竟新冠 疫苗的产生还不足两年,它的安全性需要放在更长的时间,由科学家做出专业的分析和解答,现在下结论还为时过早。

Except for the second half of 2021, when there was a brief panic following the news that the Johnson & Johnson vaccine caused blood clots, the vaccines approved in the United States have been safe, stable, and effective. Respondents who maintain a neutral attitude seem to be considering potential long-term effects. After all, the production period of the Covid-19 vaccine was roughly one year. Long-term longitudinal studies will take many years.

对于新冠疫苗有效性,同样得到了积极的回答。超过半数,53%的受访者认为新冠疫苗有效;认为效果一般的占到21%;不好说的占20%,认为新冠疫苗无效是只占到5%。从CDC以及各个新冠疫苗生产商的数据来看,由于新冠疫苗的变异太多太快,疫苗的研制和更新处于相对滞后的状态,所以很多人出现了接种疫苗之后仍然被感染的情况。

Survey results on the perceived effectiveness of the vaccine were also positive. 53% thought that the vaccine is effective; 21%, generally effective; 20%, hard to say; and only 5%, ineffective. Nearly half of the “generally effective” and “hard to say” responses are based on a bad experience  of being recruited after vaccination. Such anecdotal comments may be erroneously conflating perceived effectiveness with expected side effects.

According to the data from the CDC and various COVID-19 vaccine manufacturers, because the virus mutates so rapidly, vaccine updates always lag. Therefore, many people still become infected after being vaccinated. The most important metric is that infection is much less severe among those vaccinated and subsequently infected with any strand compared to those who have not been vaccinated.

第一代新冠疫苗对于奥秘克隆的防范作用,确实拿不到百分百免疫的高分,接近半数的“一般”和“不好说”人群,就是基于接种后依然中招的不良体验。小编甚至听到这样的声音:“如果中招同时能够获得免疫,那我为什么要多挨一针,遭两回罪?”

 

 

二. 接种新冠疫苗的意愿

 Willingness to receive the vaccine

 

在接种新冠疫苗意愿方面,问卷中列举了三个问题,分别是:愿意接种疫苗的原因;是否愿意为家里12岁以下的儿童接种疫苗;以及如果需要自费,是否还愿意接种?

The survey listed three questions regarding vaccine willingness: the reasons for being willing to be vaccinated; whether you are willing to vaccinate children under the age of 12 in your family; and whether you need to be vaccinated at your own expense.

在第一个问题的回答中,63%的受访者对疫苗接种是积极主动的态度,认为接种疫苗可以保护自己,同时也使家人免受感染;另外37%的人则是出于职业需要或者听从专家建议,或者受到周围人的影响接种新冠疫苗。

In answer to the first question, 63% of the respondents indicated a proactive attitude towards vaccination, believing that vaccination can protect themselves and protect their family members from infection. There was widespread acceptance that one should follow the advice of experts, or be influenced by those around you, to get vaccinated.

自新冠疫苗问世一年半以来,让所有费城人都能公平获得疫苗,无论他的种族或收入如何这仍然是一项挑战。在自2021年秋天以来,在符合条件的5至11岁儿童中,有约37%的费城白人儿童全面接种了疫苗,而拉丁裔儿童和黑人儿童分别为25%和22%。而亚裔儿童的疫苗接种率远远高于该年龄组的其他儿童:57%。

More than a year and a half after the first COVID vaccines became available, ensuring equitable access to all Philadelphians, regardless of race and income, remains a challenge. So has persistent vaccine hesitancy in certain communities. Among 5-to-11-year-olds who have been eligible since last fall, about 37% of Philadelphia’s White children are fully vaccinated, compared to 25% of Hispanic children and 22% of Black children. Vaccination rates among Asian children in this age range are much higher at 57%.

在此次问卷中,接近40%的家长们对儿童新冠疫苗表示了谨慎积极的态度。在“是否为家中12岁的小朋友接种疫苗”这个问题上,38%的家长表示已经为孩子接种疫苗;26%的家长虽然还没有为孩子接种,但是表示“会去接种”;这个群体的数量和正在观望中的家长数量相仿:23%的受访者目前仍然犹豫不决,另外有11%的家长则明确表示不会为12岁以下的孩子接种新冠疫苗。

In the survey, nearly 40% of parents expressed a cautious and positive attitude towards their children’s vaccination. On the question of “whether to vaccinate a 12-year-old child at home,” 38% of parents said that they have vaccinated their children, and 26% of the parents have not vaccinated their children but express a willingness and state that they “will vaccinate.” This is similar to the number of parents who are “watching and watching.” 23% of the respondents are still hesitant, and another 11% of parents have clearly stated that they will not vaccinate their children under the age of 12.

虽然目前,无论你是否拥有医疗保险,接种新冠疫苗都是完全免费。但是前不久辉瑞公司表示,新冠疫苗有可能标价销售。保险公司是否能覆盖相关费用尚不可知。

Getting the vaccine is currently free, regardless of health insurance status. However, not long ago, Pfizer stated that the vaccine cost structure may change next year. It is not yet known whether insurance companies or uninsured individuals will bear this cost.

参照现行流感疫苗的运行模式,如果拥有医疗保险,就可以享受免费接种流感疫苗。但是如果你没有保险,就需要交纳56美元的接种费用。这无疑让需要自费接种流感疫苗的人群因为囊中羞涩而止步。对“如果付费是否依旧愿意接种新冠疫苗”的问题,有43%的受访者表示仍会接种,仅占到受访者的不到一半;31%的受访者则选择不会接种;另有24%的受访者表示不知道。对于政策制定者来说,是否对疫苗收费,可能是未来新冠疫苗转为季节性接种之后,一个不得不慎重考虑的问题。

For seasonal flu, medical insurance provides free vaccines. f one  does not have insurance, one might need to pay as much as  $56 for the vaccination. This undoubtedly serves as a barrier for those who cannot afford to pay.

When asked whether they would be willing to pay for a COVID-19 vaccine, 43% of the respondents said they would vaccinate while 31% of the respondents said they would not. Another 24% of respondents said they did not know what they would do. Policymakers must address the question of whether individuals should pay out of pocket for COVID-19 vaccines, especially if the vaccine becomes seasonal.

 

 

三. 有关新冠防疫

 Regarding the prevention of the COVID-19

 

在问卷中,我们设置了“您是否感染过新冠病毒?”的问题。在小编的个人经验来说,虽然在新冠疫情初期,大费城及周边地区采取了非常严重的LockDown措施,但是随着新冠疫苗的逐渐铺开,很多人急于回到正常的状态,加之病毒变异过快,从2021年下半年开始,防疫措施逐步放开,新冠感染率发生了几次大面积的反弹。

We asked, “Have you ever been infected with the Covid-19 virus?” Although the Greater Philadelphia area adopted a rigorous lockdown policy in the early stage of the pandemic, after the rollout of the vaccine, many people became eager to return to their pre-pandemic lives. Coupled with the rapid mutation of the virus, starting from the second half of 2022, epidemic prevention measures gradually relaxed, and the infection rate of the Covid-19 has rebounded several times on a large scale.

但是从本次调查问卷来看,选择“从未感染过”的华人受访者占到47%,这个高比例和华人群体一直坚持戴口罩,勤洗手,积极做好个人防疫措施密不可分。这个推断在“您现在还戴口罩吗?”的问题回答中得到了印证。22%的受访者表示,只要出门就会把口罩戴上;38%的人选择在人多的室内戴口罩。这说明,超过半数的华人目前依然把戴口罩作为新冠防疫的有效方式。

Somewhat surprisingly, 47% of the survey respondents indicated that they were “never infected.” This high proportion may flow from the fact that the Chinese community has always insisted on wearing masks, washing hands frequently, and actively taking personal prevention measures. It is also likely that a significant number of respondents contracted the virus asymptomatically.

Some assumptions about the Chinese community’s adoption of public safety guidelines were confirmed by the results of the question, “Are you still wearing a mask?” 22% of the respondents said they wear masks whenever they go out; 38% choose to wear masks indoors with many people, which means an incredibly high percentage of Chinese still regard wearing masks as an effective way to mitigate against the risk of contracting COVID-19.

 

 

四. 疫苗的未来,新冠的未来

 The future of vaccines, the future of COVID-19

截止到2022年11月16日,费城市政府网站上公布的新冠疫苗仪表盘显示,费城地区一共有135518名亚裔已经接种了新冠疫苗,另外,白人族裔有419490人已接种,黑人族裔的接种数是417879人,拉丁裔有180162人完成接种。虽然费城政府没有统计不同族群的新冠接种率,但是按照亚裔人口占到费城总人口6.8%的比例,来看,亚裔接种人口占总接种人数的11.7%,比例明显高于其他族裔。

As of November 16, 2022, the COVID-19 Vaccine Dashboard of the Philadelphia City shows that a total of 135,518 self-identifying Asians have been vaccinated. In addition, 419,490 people identifying as White have been vaccinated, 417,879 people identifying as Black have been vaccinated, and 180,162 of those identifying as Hispanic have been vaccinated.

Although the Philadelphia government does not have statistics on the Covid-19 vaccination rates of different ethnic groups, according to the proportion of the Asian population accounting for 6.8% of the total population of Philadelphia, the Asian population accounts for 11.7% of the total vaccination population, which is significantly higher than other ethnic groups.

图片来源:www.phila.gov
Photo credits to www.phila.gov

亚裔群体的高接种率,和亚裔群体社区都新冠疫苗的宣传和推广密切相关。除此之外,社区也通过中文服务等等多种方式,鼓励大家接种疫苗。2021年3月中旬,在新冠疫苗接种刚刚全面铺开的几天内,在费城华埠发展会(Philadelphia Chinatown Development Corporation)的推动下,首个新冠疫苗接种站就在唐人街的华鼎中心对面开放。这个接种站,可以为大家提供英语、西班牙语和四种汉语方言的语言服务,解决了不少华人语言障碍的问题。

The high vaccination rate of the Asian community closely correlates to the publicity and promotion of the Covid-19 vaccine in the Asian community. In addition, the community also uses various methods such as Chinese language services to encourage everyone to be vaccinated.

The Philadelphia Chinatown Development Corporation (PCDC) was one of the first neighborhood organizations to launch a community vaccination site, which opened in mid-March 2021 across from the Crane Community Center near the Vine Street Expressway. This vaccination site solved the problem of language barriers for many Chinese, with language services in English, Spanish and four Chinese dialects.

图片来源:WHYY
Photo credit to WHYY

亚裔美国人联合会(Asian Americans United)也是积极倡导亚裔社群接种新冠疫苗的社团之一。为了能联系到华裔社群聚集地的居民们,该组织利用微信传播准确信息,提供健康咨询,消除有关新冠疫苗的虚假信息,并敦促大家进行疫苗信息的注册。

Asian Americans United (AAU) is another association that actively promotes vaccination in Asian communities. To reach residents of the Chinese community, the organization used WeChat, the dominant social media platform used by Chinese, to disseminate accurate information, provide health advice, and urge everyone to register for the vaccine.

在我们的问卷中,针对“希望所在的社区在接种新冠疫苗方面做哪些工作?”的问题,17%的受访者希望在疫苗接种点提供中文服务;12%的受访者希望为行动不便的人群提供入户接种疫苗的服务;7%的受访者希望发放中文宣传材料,50%的人认为以上三种方式都可行,希望通过多种多样方式鼓励大家接种新冠疫苗。

In our survey, in response to the question “What kind of work do you want your community to do in terms of vaccination?”, 17% of respondents want Chinese language services at vaccination clinics; 12% of respondents want to provide home vaccination services for people with reduced mobility; 7% want promotional materials in Chinese; and 50% think that the above three methods are feasible, and hope to encourage everyone to get vaccinated against COVID-19.

现在,距离2019年12月在中国武汉爆发新冠疫情,已经过去了三年的时间。对于新冠病毒的未来走向,受访的华人群体也保持着谨慎的态度。79%的受访者表示,病毒会长期存在;只有4%的人持相反意见; 另有16%的人投票给“未知”。

Almost three years have passed since December 2019, when the novel coronavirus was detected in Wuhan, China. Our survey respondents maintain a cautious attitude toward the future of Covid-19. 79% percent of respondents said the virus would be around for a long time, with just 4% saying the opposite and another 16% indicating “unknown.”

目前,新冠疫情还没有完全消退,挑战依旧存在。我们希望亚裔群体,能通过接种新冠疫苗和继续做好防疫工作,最终和所有族裔一道,战胜这一场瘟疫。

The COVID-19 pandemic has not yet ended and challenges still exist. We hope that the Asian community can overcome this public health crisis together with all ethnic groups by vaccinating and continuing to follow public health mitigation guidelines.

 

* WHYY对此文章提供了项目支持。

*This article is supported by funding from WHYY.

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